Jonah Chapter 1 Notes and Summary (timely)

Chapter 1 Notes and Summary

God moves the pressure to conform to His will from the general (the storm) to the specific (Jonah as the cause of the storm) to the pinpoint (isolation) (only Jonah gets put into the crucible of the fish).

God also uses humans to bring the pressure to repent, starting with the captain's (one) call to prayer and following with the sailors' (many) confrontation in v.8 and intense confrontation in v.10 "HOW COULD YOU DO THIS???", which should be taken in its proper context of imminent, intense danger in which the sailors are in fear for their very lives. A direct, personal, in your face confrontation produces no repentance from Jonah.

We all know of believers that have been through this sequence of God's discipline; perhaps we recognize it in our own lives. What are we holding onto right now that God is prying our fingers off of by bringing His loving hand of discipline into our lives? How long will we "kick against the goads", as Paul recounts his own struggle against God in Acts 26:14.

A final comment from this chapter on the stubbornness of Jonah: it stems from the fact that he would rather die (with the sailors in a sunken ship or by himself if thrown overboard) than do the will of God. I think we often underestimate God's tenacity in disciplining us to do His will.

Wayward believers may think of 1 John's "sin leading to death" (1 John 5:16-17) and take comfort in the fact that eventually God will give up and kill them. God will exhaust every single tool at His disposal to bring back His running sheep, and remember, God always uses His tools like a master craftsman - with precision, accuracy, and wisdom. No, God will take a long time engaging His son in discipline to finally allow a sinning believer the comfort of death.

Chapter 1 boiled down to a sentence: God's will always triumphs over man's will.

Jonah 1:17 and Paragraph Summary (timely)

Jonah 1:17 and Paragraph Summary

1:17 - And the Lord appointed a great fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was in the stomach of the fish three days and three nights.

Continuing from vs. 12, God had Jonah exactly where He wanted him in order to apply pin-point pressure on him to obey. Is that where you are? Has the general call to repentance, the confrontation by one, and the confrontation by many all been applied in your situation by God to turn you from your willfulness? The next step is isolation, isolation from God, from believers, from a lot of the goodness that flows from God.

Now the sinning believer is put into the crucible in order to turn him from his own way to God's way. It took three days of being in the dark, acid filled belly of the fish for Jonah to come to his senses. Most likely, when he saw that he wasn't going to die, like he wanted to, Jonah responded to God's will.

What about us? Is the only time we respond to God's will is under the threat of endless discipline without the escape of death? Are we so hard hearted and stubborn that we will only relent when the pressure becomes more than we can bear?

Jonah 1:15-16 (timely)

Jonah 1:15-16

1:15 - So they picked up Jonah, threw him into the sea, and the sea stopped its raging.

Our obedience stops the pressure to obey. Huh! In this case, the man that God was pressuring still had more pressure to deal with, but the collateral damage to the sailors was stopped as the discipline from the Lord had its desired affect: Jonah's isolation.

1:16 - Then the men feared the Lord greatly, and they offered a sacrifice to the Lord and made vows.

From an act of faith (v.15), salvation comes from the Lord. Here is another great example of salvation by grace through faith. James 2:18 - But someone may well say, “You have faith and I have works; show me your faith without the works, and I will show you my faith by my works.”

Paragraph summary

Rom. 8:28 comes to mind here with caution from Rom 6:1. God works good out of our disobedience, but our disobedience is not from God nor is it working the works of God. Nobody can justify sin just because God brought good out of it.

Jonah 1:10-14 (timely)

Jonah 1:10-14

1:10 - Then the men became extremely frightened and they said to him, "How could you do this?” For the men knew that he was fleeing from the presence of the Lord, because he had told them.

Often times, we are witnesses against ourselves and when the check comes due, the world stands in amazement at how uncaring we have acted. If only Jonah had repented earlier or not even run from God, then the sailors would never had been in danger and dumped all that cargo.

1:11 - So they said to him, “What should we do to you that the sea may become calm for us?”—for the sea was becoming increasingly stormy.

Even when the cause of the situation is revealed, there is still the matter of what to do about resolving it.

1:12 - He said to them, “Pick me up and throw me into the sea. Then the sea will become calm for you, for I know that on account of me this great storm has come upon you.”

Even when we acknowledge our sin, we often are reluctant to do anything about it! Jonah could have fallen on his knees, repented of running away, and sought God's forgiveness; God probably would have calmed the seas and allowed the ship to return to Joppa.

But Jonah was not willing to do so, therefore, he had the sailors throw him overboard to an almost certain death rather than be obedient to God's will. We too, bring more of God's discipline upon ourselves when we refuse to turn from our own will to His.

1:13 - However, the men rowed desperately to return to land but they could not, for the sea was becoming even stormier against them.

Man will never win in a fight against God's will. God's will reigns supreme; we can either go along with it or be crushed by it.

1:14 -  Then they called on the Lord and said, “We earnestly pray, O Lord, do not let us perish on account of this man’s life and do not put innocent blood on us; for You, O Lord, have done as You have pleased.”

Isn't it ironic that the pagans align themselves with God's will before the prophet of God does. How many times are we like Jonah in the stubbornness of our hearts.

Paragraph summary

We often put quite a bit of effort in our running from God's will. Sometimes the people around us will help us in our running by providing justifications or reasons not to do god's will. By attempting to row themselves out of the storm, the sailors were only reinforcing Jonah's poor decision to run. But, as in all things, God's will eventually wins out.

Jonah 1:7-9 (timely)

Jonah 1:7-9

1:7 -  Each man said to his mate, “Come, let us cast lots so we may learn on whose account this calamity has struck us.” So they cast lots and the lot fell on Jonah.

If we ignore the more specific events, God will then single us out so we cannot deny that He is trying to get our attention. The action is still motivated by the positive hand of pleading rather than the negative hand of discipline (which is also always good).

1:8 - Then they said to him, “Tell us, now! On whose account has this calamity struck us? What is your occupation? And where do you come from? What is your country? From what people are you?”

1:9 - He said to them, “I am a Hebrew, and I fear the Lord God of heaven who made the sea and the dry land.”

Many, many times we can be almost clinical in our presentation of who we are. May it never be! The attitude goes something like this:

"I don't have to worry about how this affects others because I am secure in my salvation."

"It stinks for you, but I really don't care about your struggles - I've got this under control...uh, praise Jesus."

"Being a Christian is everything to me; don't come to me with your problems."

So often we have an uncaring, hard hearted response to men in desperate need of salvation.

Paragraph summary

If the servant of the Lord refuses to turn from his disobedience, God will confront him directly. This may be through unbelievers, as in this case, or believers, ala church discipline or Spirit led inquiry. Often the runner will confess that he knows he is running (see next paragraph).

Jonah 1:4-6 (timely)

Jonah 1:4-6

1:4 -  The Lord hurled a great wind on the sea and there was a great storm on the sea so that the ship was about to break up.

God uses all manner of things to bring us back to His will. It may be that God uses a general event that affects a number of people to bring us back to alignment with Him. Local disasters, national catastrophes, and regional events all fall into this category.

1:5 - Then the sailors became afraid and every man cried to his god, and they threw the cargo which was in the ship into the sea to lighten it for them. But Jonah had gone below into the hold of the ship, lain down and fallen sound asleep.

We are often oblivious (or hard hearted) to the general event to the point of ignoring the implications or guidance that God provides from it.

1:6 - So the captain approached him and said, “How is it that you are sleeping? Get up, call on your god. Perhaps your god will be concerned about us so that we will not perish.”

If we discount or ignore the general event, God will start targeting more specific events designed to turn us from our own path back to His. God will often us the ungodly to shame/move His people into action. At this point, God is still acting from the positive side of entreating His wayward child to return.

Paragraph summary

As pressure comes from the Lord, He uses a variety of tools to, in this case literally, wake up His servants to obey His will. This pressure can be a general trial or local event that affects many and causes many to turn to the Lord or it can be somewhat more specific to the targeted individual.

Timely Perspective Applied to Jonah

Who hasn't run away from God?

Who hasn't had a little heart to heart with God and tried to sway Him to a different point of view?

Who hasn't sulked around for days because He wasn't doing according to our will?

We can relate to all of these actions that Jonah engages in. Too often we can see ourselves in Jonah's attitudes and much less in God's attitudes.

Chapter 1

Jonah 1:1-3

1:1 - The word of the Lord came to Jonah the son of Amittai saying,

The word of the Lord, indeed, comes to us also as we feel led to take action on God initiated impulses.

1:2 -  “Arise, go to Nineveh the great city and cry against it, for their wickedness has come up before Me.”

We have been called to preach the gospel in all sorts of "Ninevehs", whether that's our workplace, our community, our family or our friends.

1:3 - But Jonah rose up to flee to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord. So he went down to Joppa, found a ship which was going to Tarshish, paid the fare and went down into it to go with them to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord.

Too often, out of selfish desires, we also run from God's command.

            It is clear we are to pray, but we don't make the time.

            It is clear we need to study God's word, but we don't have time.

            It is clear we should give, but we don't have enough...after we satisfy ourselves.

            It is clear we are to love only God, but we love just ourselves and idols.

We too, pay a price to run from God.

Paragraph summary

Here we find the premise for the entire book: God expresses His will and man refuses to do it. Everything that follows is a variant on this theme.

Timely Perspective Explained

The last perspective in this series is usually the first perspective that people try to understand about a passage of Scripture:

What is God's message for today?

What is interesting is that the time-locked message, at one time, was a timely message. In fact, one could say that both the time-locked and timeless messages that have been found in this study have been timely messages; there have been applications for today derived from each of them.

The timely message certainly is not static and can change greatly depending on the reader's (audience's) situation in life and maturity in Christ.

Questions to ask in a timely study:

1. How does this passage correlate to my life?

2. Does my life correlate to the passage?

3. How can I relate to the events/teaching in this part of Scripture?

4. Does the text teach me about God and thereby enlighten my worship?

5. Does the text teach me about myself and my actions?

6. Am I convicted by Scripture that points out sin?

7. How does this passage draw me closer to God?

8. Is there an example to follow? To avoid?

9. How am I encouraged in my walk with God by this passage?

10. Does the passage teach a timely principle or idea that I can use in my life?

Timely study shines the light of today upon God's timeless Word. We see it through the lens of our position in Christ as well as the light of all of Scripture. Remember, though, timely study is not about making connections that aren't there and reading into Scripture things that God never meant. There are plenty of teachings that force the square peg of Scripture through the round hole of skewed applications; that should never be.

Rather, as we prayerfully consider the Word of God, we allow the Holy Spirit to bring to mind the application that He can use to mold us into the image of the Lord Jesus Christ.

Consider 2 Timothy 3:16-17 All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; ¹⁷ so that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work. God's Word should have an effect on His children, and He uses it in all four of the ways mentioned above: for teaching, reproof, correction, and training in righteousness, to grow us in maturity.

In searching out the timely message, remember also, there is one interpretation and many applications. There is no such thing as "What this passage means to me"; there is only "What this passage means" and "How this passage applies to me".

Jonah's Timeless Message

Jonah's Timeless Message

God will engage all creation to bring His people (Jonah, in this case) in line with His will. He will bring trials, peril, deliverance, mercy, comfort, and discomfort in order to draw His people closer to Him.

The book of Jonah is all about God working on His servant Jonah.

Application for today

So, what is God allowing/bringing into our lives to draw us closer to Him?

Do we even recognize God's sovereign hand in our own lives?

Can we truly say that God is in control of everything that happens to us and is working it for our good?

Is God confronting us with a hard heart? A rebellious attitude? A desire for our will instead of His?

Heb 12:4-11 expands on the timeless message of Jonah:

 You have not yet resisted to the point of shedding blood in your striving against sin; 5 and you have forgotten the exhortation which is addressed to you as sons,

“My son, do not regard lightly the discipline of the Lord,
Nor faint when you are reproved by Him;
6 For those whom the Lord loves He disciplines,
And He scourges every son whom He receives.”

7 It is for discipline that you endure; God deals with you as with sons; for what son is there whom his father does not discipline?

8 But if you are without discipline, of which all have become partakers, then you are illegitimate children and not sons.

9 Furthermore, we had earthly fathers to discipline us, and we respected them; shall we not much rather be subject to the Father of spirits, and live?

10 For they disciplined us for a short time as seemed best to them, but He disciplines us for our good, so that we may share His holiness.

11 All discipline for the moment seems not to be joyful, but sorrowful; yet to those who have been trained by it, afterwards it yields the peaceful fruit of righteousness.

Discipline can be a punishment, but it can also be training. Anyone who has trained for an event, whether it is a race, a game, a dance, a spelling bee, or another competition, knows that they must deny themselves certain things and engage in other, perhaps not so enjoyable, things in order to be successful in the event.

Here is God, the greatest Father and Coach in the entire universe, designing specific trials and trainings for each of His unique children in order to mold them into the image of His Son, Jesus. We are dealt with as sons!

Jonah 4:9-11 (timeless)

Jonah 4:9-11

4:9 - Then God said to Jonah, “Do you have good reason to be angry about the plant?” And he said, “I have good reason to be angry, even to death.”

When man refuses to learn the first time (v. 4:4), God brings the same lesson around again.

Man is shortsighted on the temporal and himself.

4:10 - Then the Lord said, “You had compassion on the plant for which you did not work and which you did not cause to grow, which came up overnight and perished overnight.

The Lord will point out man's shortcomings...

4:11 - Should I not have compassion on Nineveh, the great city in which there are more than 120,000 persons who do not know the difference between their right and left hand, as well as many animals?”

...and will entreat him to align his thoughts with God's thoughts.

Cod is compassionate not only on wicked people, but also animals.

God sees adults and children as different. (unless the phrase "do not know the difference between their right and left hand" refers to people who are ignorant of God and His statutes).

Paragraph Summary

Man is wrapped up with concern for his own comfort and does not care for others' comfort.

God is wrapped up with concern for others.

Chapter 4 Notes and Summary

Erroneous thinking: If you take comfort in material things, God will take it away. While God may choose to remove obstacles that get in the way of our relationship with Him, it is not automatic that God will remove material things that comfort us.

Chapter 4 boiled down to a sentence: Man is self-centered; God is compassionate.

Jonah 4:5-8 (timeless)

Jonah 4:5-8

4:5 - Then Jonah went out from the city and sat east of it. There he made a shelter for himself and sat under it in the shade until he could see what would happen in the city.

Even after God reveals His will, man can choose not to accept it.

4:6 - So the Lord God appointed a plant and it grew up over Jonah to be a shade over his head to deliver him from his discomfort. And Jonah was extremely happy about the plant.

God controls the plants to teach man.

4:7 - But God appointed a worm when dawn came the next day and it attacked the plant and it withered.

God controls the creatures to instruct man and show him his hard heart.

4:8 - When the sun came up God appointed a scorching east wind, and the sun beat down on Jonah’s head so that he became faint and begged with all his soul to die, saying, “Death is better to me than life.”

God controls the elements to guide and enlighten man.

Man despairs when he is affected by the Hand of God's correction when he disagrees with God's plan.

Paragraph Summary

God appointed a plant, a worm, and a wind to further reveal Himself to man.

Jonah 4:1-4 (timeless)

Jonah 4:1-4

4:1 - But it greatly displeased Jonah and he became angry.

God's work angers the self-centered and willful man.

4:2 - He prayed to the Lord and said, “Please Lord, was not this what I said while I was still in my own country? Therefore in order to forestall this I fled to Tarshish, for I knew that You are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger and abundant in lovingkindness, and one who relents concerning calamity.

The righteousness of God is not the righteousness of man.

Man can run, but God's will will still be done.

God is gracious, compassionate, slow to anger, abundant in lovingkindness, and one who relents concerning calamity.

Man responds to the above attributes with anger.

Man is vindictive; God is compassionate.

Man is cruel; God is gracious.

Man is quick to anger (Jonah immediately fled in 1:3); God is slow to anger.

Man is ruthless; God is abundant in lovingkindness.

Man calls for calamity (judgment); God relents concerning calamity.

4:3 - Therefore now, O Lord, please take my life from me, for death is better to me than life.”

When man cannot accept God's will, life if miserable!

4:4 - The Lord said, “Do you have good reason to be angry?”

God loves rhetorical questions.

Paragraph Summary

Even though man knows about God, he still wants to follow (cling to) his own will and perception

Jonah Chapter 3 with paragraph summaries (timeless)

Jonah 3:1-4

3:1-2 - Now the word of the Lord came to Jonah the second time, saying, “Arise, go to Nineveh the great city and proclaim to it the proclamation which I am going to tell you.”

The Lord gives second chances.

God gives the man of God words to spark revival.

3:3 - So Jonah arose and went to Nineveh according to the word of the Lord. Now Nineveh was an exceedingly great city, a three days’ walk.

3:4 - Then Jonah began to go through the city one day’s walk; and he cried out and said, “Yet forty days and Nineveh will be overthrown.”

Paragraph summary

God's will does not depend on man's obedience, but man will obey if it is God's will.

Jonah 3:5-9

3:5 - Then the people of Nineveh believed in God; and they called a fast and put on sackcloth from the greatest to the least of them.

Repentance has actions demonstrated with it.

3:6 - When the word reached the king of Nineveh, he arose from his throne, laid aside his robe from him, covered himself with sackcloth and sat on the ashes.

3:7 - He issued a proclamation and it said, “In Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles: Do not let man, beast, herd, or flock taste a thing. Do not let them eat or drink water.

3:8 - But both man and beast must be covered with sackcloth; and let men call on God earnestly that each may turn from his wicked way and from the violence which is in his hands.

Man knows his sin.

3:9 - Who knows, God may turn and relent and withdraw His burning anger so that we will not perish.”

When man obeys God, miracles can happen.

Paragraph Summary

God uses those in authority to carry out His will. Prov. 21:1 - The king’s heart is like channels of water in the hand of the Lord; He turns it wherever He wishes.

Jonah 3:10 and paragraph summary

3:10 - When God saw their deeds, that they turned from their wicked way, then God relented concerning the calamity which He had declared He would bring upon them. And He did not do it.

God knows what effect His message will have.

God responds to repentant people.

Chapter 3 boiled down to a sentence: God takes the smallest amounts of obedience on man's part and turns it into a huge abundance of glory for Himself.

Jonah Chapter 2 with paragraph summaries (timeless)

Jonah 2:1 and paragraph summary

2:1 - Then Jonah prayed to the Lord his God from the stomach of the fish

Man turns to God when all hope is finally lost.

Man prays.

Jonah 2:2-9

2:2 - and he said,

“I called out of my distress to the Lord,
And He answered me.
I cried for help from the depth of Sheol;
You heard my voice.

God answers prayer.

God hears our prayer.

2:3 - “For You had cast me into the deep,
Into the heart of the seas,
And the current engulfed me.
All Your breakers and billows passed over me.

God is recognized as orchestrating events by man.

God controls the seas.

2:4 - “So I said, ‘I have been expelled from Your sight.
Nevertheless I will look again toward Your holy temple.’

Man declares his faithfulness with a hard heart!

2:5 - “Water encompassed me to the point of death.
The great deep engulfed me,
Weeds were wrapped around my head.

Only God saves

2:6 - “I descended to the roots of the mountains.
The earth with its bars was around me forever,
But You have brought up my life from the pit, O Lord my God.

Salvation is from the Lord

2:7 - “While I was fainting away,
I remembered the Lord,
And my prayer came to You,
Into Your holy temple.

God hears our prayers regardless of where we are.

2:8 - “Those who regard vain idols
Forsake their faithfulness,

If man worships idols, he forsakes any help from the only God that can help.

2:9 - But I will sacrifice to You
With the voice of thanksgiving.
That which I have vowed I will pay.
Salvation is from the Lord.”

Man can be committed to his duty to the Lord.

Salvation is from the Lord.

Paragraph Summary

Man submits to God to alleviate God's hand of discipline.

Jonah 2:10 and paragraph summary

2:10 - Then the Lord commanded the fish, and it vomited Jonah up onto the dry land.

God commands the creatures.

Chapter 2 boiled down to a sentence: All things on the earth submit to the will of God.

Note: Jonah prays from the Psalms, God's timeless word!

Jonah 1:15-16,17 and Paragraph Summaries (timeless)

Jonah 1:15-16

1:15 - So they picked up Jonah, threw him into the sea, and the sea stopped its raging.

The discipline/tribulation from God lifts with obedience.

Man acts in faith; God responds.

1:16 - Then the men feared the Lord greatly, and they offered a sacrifice to the Lord and made vows.

Man's reaction to seeing the hand of the Lord first hand.

Paragraph summary

By faith, the men obey, and as a result, God rewards with salvation.

Jonah 1:17 and Paragraph Summary

1:17 - And the Lord appointed a great fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was in the stomach of the fish three days and three nights.

God controls nature.

God works miracles in preserving man.

Chapter 1 boiled down to a sentence: God orchestrates events to accomplish His will, which is always good! The best, even! God's hand will always move us from self focused to God focused, which is to draw us closer to Him, which is for our best.

Jonah 1:10-14 (timeless)

Jonah 1:10-14

1:10 - Then the men became extremely frightened and they said to him, "How could you do this?” For the men knew that he was fleeing from the presence of the Lord, because he had told them.

Man shows no concern for the collateral damage his fleeing from God may cause.

Man can be uncaring and hard hearted.

1:11 - So they said to him, “What should we do to you that the sea may become calm for us?”—for the sea was becoming increasingly stormy.

God increases the pressure upon men so that His will is done.

1:12 - He said to them, “Pick me up and throw me into the sea. Then the sea will become calm for you, for I know that on account of me this great storm has come upon you.”

Man knows his sin.

Man acknowledges his guilt, if God grants him.

1:13 - However, the men rowed desperately to return to land but they could not, for the sea was becoming even stormier against them.

Man fights against the direction from the Lord.

God increases the discipline/tribulation to turn man to His will.

Man cannot win in a battle with the Lord.

1:14 -  Then they called on the Lord and said, “We earnestly pray, O Lord, do not let us perish on account of this man’s life and do not put innocent blood on us; for You, O Lord, have done as You have pleased.”

Man knows right from wrong and appeals to the Judge of the earth for clemency.

The Lord does as He pleases.

Man knows the penalty (death) for the taking of a life.

Paragraph summary

In the battle between man and God, God always wins and has His way.

Jonah 1:7-9 (timeless)

Jonah 1:7-9

1:7 -  Each man said to his mate, “Come, let us cast lots so we may learn on whose account this calamity has struck us.” So they cast lots and the lot fell on Jonah.

God controls the lot.

1:8 - Then they said to him, “Tell us, now! On whose account has this calamity struck us? What is your occupation? And where do you come from? What is your country? From what people are you?”

God uses many men to confront man.

1:9 - He said to them, “I am a Hebrew, and I fear the Lord God of heaven who made the sea and the dry land.”

God is the Lord God of heaven.

God created the sea and dry land.

The truth will eventually be known.

Paragraph summary

God controls the lot.

God brings out the truth of the matter.

Jonah 1:4-6 (timeless)

Jonah 1:4-6

1:4 -  The Lord hurled a great wind on the sea and there was a great storm on the sea so that the ship was about to break up.

God commands the wind and the elements.

God has precise control that is demonstrated by the ship staying afloat.

1:5 - Then the sailors became afraid and every man cried to his god, and they threw the cargo which was in the ship into the sea to lighten it for them. But Jonah had gone below into the hold of the ship, lain down and fallen sound asleep.

Man cries out to his imagined/made up gods, but they don't answer.

Man goes to great lengths to save himself from the hand of God.

Man can have a kind of peace in the midst of sin.

1:6 - So the captain approached him and said, “How is it that you are sleeping? Get up, call on your god. Perhaps your god will be concerned about us so that we will not perish.”

God uses man to confront man.

Paragraph summary

Man calls on many gods, but only the Lord controls the elements.

Jonah 1:1-3 (timeless)

Jonah 1:1-3

1:1 - The word of the Lord came to Jonah the son of Amittai saying,

God initiates this whole ordeal.

God speaks to man

1:2 -  “Arise, go to Nineveh the great city and cry against it, for their wickedness has come up before Me.”

God gives direction to man.

God knows about the evil done by man.

God brings judgment for that evil, sometimes in this life.

God punishes groups (cities/nations) for their collective sin/wickedness.

1:3 - But Jonah rose up to flee to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord. So he went down to Joppa, found a ship which was going to Tarshish, paid the fare and went down into it to go with them to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord.

Man rebels against God.

Man tries to flee from the presence of the LORD.

Paragraph summary

God commands, man rebels.

Timeless Perspective Applied to Jonah

There are some things that need to be discerned in the book of Jonah, and most of them relate to Jonah's actions and whether they are typically true of mankind or just of Jonah. While we can rightly observe Jonah's attitude and see the very same attitude in our lives, we shouldn't jump to the conclusion that a hard-hearted hatred for the lost is true of all mankind.

On the flip side, Jonah's self-centeredness certainly can be seen in all mankind and is a timeless truth that mankind is self-centered apart from (and sometimes even with) God. So, discernment is needed when thinking about the timeless principles of Jonah.